A system of interlocking and interdependent of food chains is called a food web. The relationship between predator and prey among different species of a particular ecosystem is represented by a term called “food web”. The food web is influenced by various environmental factors and geography of the region. Some basic things however, remain the same, like autotrophs (which make their own food by the process of photosynthesis), herbivores (that eat autotrophs) and carnivores (that eat both autotrophs and herbivores), in different food webs across different habitats.

The food chain in the rainforests is more likely to a food web. The ecosystem of the rainforests is the most specie rich and complex ecosystem. Therefore, there are hundreds, or perhaps thousands of food chains or food webs that make a large food network. Since the food web of rainforests is the network of many interlinked food chains, so it is difficult to tell that how many total food chains make the network.

However, the food chain can roughly be classified into four levels. These four levels are as follows:

1.     Level 1: flowers, fruits, larvae, spiders, leaves, plankton, insects and dead plant and animal matter.

2.     Level 2: fishes, kangaroos, birds, bandi coots, frogs. Wallabies, possum, squirrels, chipmunks, voles, bats

3.      Level 3: small animals, dunnarts, kookaburras, snakes, quills, owls and platypus, monkeys, lemurs, deer, elk, bats, parrots.

4.     Level 4: large carnivores, tigers, leopards, crocodiles, alligators, dingoes, boa constrictors, pythons, Philippine, eagles, black eagles and crowned eagles, feral dogs and cats, jaguars, cougars.

Every species living in the rainforests are interdependent on one another specie, whether directly pr indirectly. The ecological system is so intricate that if one species ceases to exist, the entire food web or particular food chains are disrupted.

By interdependence we mean that each animal in the rainforests depend on another animal for survival. For example, large carnivores eat small carnivores. Birds in the rainforests eat snakes but the reverse is also true. Sometimes the snakes eat the bird. At the very centre of the food web sits the top, or apex, predators. These innermost slots are held eaten by tigers, leopards, big crocodilians, jaguars- the big snake and the largest bird of prey.  Even is this apex creature there is never a peace. Sometimes, the big crocodilians and the big snakes kill one another. The eagles need to watch where they land and all, but the biggest of the big cats are defenseless to an attack by a crocodilian or a big snake. Thus, every animal in the rainforest is interdependent on other animals i.e. they are dependent on other animals for food and life whether directly or indirectly.

The food web in the rainforests is sometimes, effected by environmental changes. The insubstantial balance in interdependence is sometimes dislocate and can be permanently damaged or changed. The rainforests cover 7 % of the globe. The health of the environment in the rainforests is critical. It is due to the reason that all the species in the rainforests are interconnected, that is, if one plant or the animal is destroyed, the rest of the species will suffer. Hence there is never truce in the rainforests for any specie.

A luxuriant, dense forest, found typically in tropical areas with consistently heavy rainfall is called a rainforest. It has usually many plants and animals. Rainforests cover only six percent of the earth’s area and provides forty percent of oxygen to the whole world. The rainforests gets an average of 50-250 inches of rain per year. The rainforests have a carpet of green leaves on the surface floor of the forest. This is called the humus layer.

There are two types of rainforests:

1.     Tropical rainforests

2.     Temperate rain forests

Tropical and temperate rainforests share certain characteristics. Some similar characteristics are as follows.

1.     Both types of rainforests have most trees flare at the base.

2.     Vegetation is dense, tall and very green.

3.     Both types of rainforests are rich in animals and plants, although the diversity is greater in tropical forests.

The tropical rainforests and temperate rainforests have some differences, which are as follows:

1.     Tropical rainforests are warm while temperate rainforests are cool.

2.     Types of leaves is different in both rainforests i.e. tropical rainforests have broad leaves while temperate rainforests have needle type leaves.

3.     Decomposition rate in tropical forests is rapid while in temperate forests, decomposition rate is slow.

The rainforests are made up of four layers which are:

1.     Emergent layer

2.     Canopy layer

3.     Understory layer

4.     Forest floor

The emergent layer is found at the top of the trees. Their height is about 200 feet above the forest floor and has very thick trunks, that measure up to 16 feet around. Most of the trees are hard wood and ever green broad leaved. Sunlight is plentiful at this layer. Animals that are found here are: monkeys, eagles, bats and butterflies.

Canopy layer is the primary layer of rainforests. The canopy layer is like a huge green roof over the forests. The trees grow up thin and straight, like pillars. They do not put branches until they are very tall. The trees have smooth and oval shaped leaves. It is the habitat of many animals as; food is abundant in this area. These animals include: snakes, toucans and tree frogs etc.

The understory layer is usually dark, humid place, found under canopy layer. Sunlight reaches this area rarely as they are covered by the canopy layer. The plants in this layer must be able to live with a little sunlight and breeze. Bushes, large green plants and small trees make up this layer. The animals which are found in this layer are: jaguars, leopards and res-eyed tree frogs.

The ground level is called the forest floor. This layer is very dark as no sunlight reaches this portion. Things decompose quickly because no sunlight reaches there. Giant anteaters live in this layer.

Soil quality is poor in rainforests. Accumulation of humus is prevented by rapid bacterial decomposition. Most trees have roots near the surface. Because of insufficient nutrients, most of the trees come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals. On younger substrate, especially on volcanic origin, soil is quite fertile.

A tree is a recurrent woody plant. It is most often defined as woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A tree is a plant that occurs in many different orders and categories.

Tree planting is a process of transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry, land reclamation or landscaping purposes. This process is also known as reforestation or afforestation, depending whether the area being planted has or has not recently been forested. It involves planting seedlings over an area of land where the forest has been harvested or damaged by fire or disease or insects.

There are many reasons for planting a tree. Trees help filter the air, provide shelter from the rain and wind. They offer a home to animals. They can liven up the landscape. Knowing the reason for what one wants to plant a tree is very important. Because this can determine that which tree is best for one’s needs.

There are different steps for planting a tree. Some steps are as follows:

1.     Selecting the right time of the year for planting a tree.

2.     See if there are any local requirements i.e. digging a hole etc.

3.     Choosing a suitable tree according to climate, region and space.

4.     Preparing a hole.

5.     Preparing the tree for planting.

6.     Place the tree into the hole gently.

7.     Use some compost or composted manure if needed.

8.      Give attention to the trees especially the fruit and the nut trees

9.     Water the newly planted tree

The type of soil is very important when deciding on which type of tree one should plant. There are types of soil such as, clay, sandy, gravely, saline and may be compacted, wet and dry.

Choosing a tree should be well thought out decision. Tree planting can be a significant investment in money and time. Proper selection of tree can provide years of enjoyment as well as significantly increase the value of one’s property. An inappropriate selection of tree can be a constant problem of maintenance or even a hazard. While buying the type of tree one should choose the tree by considering the place he wants to plant the tree.

While planting a tree many tools and materials are needed. One must have a long-handled shovel and a pair of gloves. The long-handled shovel is more convenient then a small handled shovel. The most important part of planting a tree is to make sure that the plan should be planted in proper time. The best time for planting a tree is cooler months. One should avoid the hottest and coolest months of the year. The best days to plant a tree are cool, cloudy and humid days. One should also avoid the windy days, as it will damage the tree and cause unneeded stress on the plant.

Planting a tree and taking care of it is a challenging task, but once the tree is strong and healthy the benefits are well worth the hard work.

Planting a tree is an art. Planting a tree can make marvelous manipulate on our society. Tree planting improves our environment and reduces pollution as they absorb pollutants in the air. Planting a tree can improve our living standards and can enhance health of the people living in the community.

Climate makes a deciding role when determining the appropriate time for planting a tree. In general the best time for planting a tree is late winter or early spring. If that does not fit one’s schedule then one should wait for autumn. Summer is a bad choice for young trees as the heat will destroy the leaves of the young trees and the young trees can be destroyed very early. Newly planted trees do best when exposed to moderate temperature and rainfall and they need time to root and acclimatize before the onset of intense heat and dryness of summer and freezing of winter. Spring and early fall are generally the best planting season depending on one’s climate

It is advisable that trees should be planted in the period of dormant, because at this stage, the tree is least disruptive. There are many types of trees so the time of planting a tree depends upon the type of the tree. Some trees grow in hot weather, some trees grow in cool weather, some trees grow in rainy season, and some trees grow in windy weather and so on.

There are different types of trees, some are as follows:

1.     Bare root trees.

2.     Container grown trees

3.     Balled and bur lapped trees

Bare root tree planting is done during dormant winter months. One may need to do it a little earlier or a little later in warmer or colder climates. Planting rot balled trees is different from that of bare root trees. Planting tree saplings has evolved into an all year operation because of the extra protection of a ball of earth around the roots. Any season is okay for planting balled or bur lapped trees.

Matching the right tree with the right soil is an important factor. If the quality of the soil does not match with the type of the tree then it will create problem for the person, planting that tree. Matching the right tree with the right amount of sun light is another important factor for planting a tree.

Fall tree planting is a great time to put new trees in the ground especially in the areas where summers are extreme and winters are mild. It is not only good for the tree but also good for the gardener. Digging and amending soil activities are much easier on the fall days for the gardener than in the heat of the summer day. These environmental factors automatically lay less stress on the tree and allow it to move more swiftly and to establish itself before the winter arrives. Late fall planting Is not recommended because of having frozen ground that can kill the tree that needs six weeks to settle in.

Fall tree planting remains popular gardening activity and most trees so well being put in the ground during the early fall. Adding massive amount of organic material in the soil while planting the tree is not recommended now. Easy transitions are making to make planting easier.         

Tree is a plant and an integral part of landscape. Trees are the largest and longest living organisms on earth. To grow tall, trees display miraculous feats and a complex chemical factory. It has the ability to absorb water and salts from the soil and to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis and with the help of sun light.

Trees are very important to our environment. They absorb carbon dioxide from the air and use it for making their food. The most essential component that we use to breath is oxygen. The trees utilize carbon dioxide released by us and in turn they provide us oxygen, which keeps us lively, healthy and active.

We get all the minerals and vitamins needed for our proper health and growth from the fruits and other plant products like, vegetables, cereals, grains, grams etc. Around the world every one is opting for vegetable diet as it provides a wholesome and balanced diet. The healthy diet keeps the people healthy and prevents many diseases.

The roots of the trees hold the soil firmly and thus prevents soil erosion. They enrich the soil with their decaying leaves. This leads to the increase in the ground water level and the continuity of water cycle gets balanced which results in good rain.  Ultimately, the trees prevent the drought and provide greenery to the environment.

Apart from taking care of the environment and the soil, the trees also provide shelter to many animals and birds. They also provide shelter to human beings while heavy rain, strong wing blowing etc. By growing more and ore trees in our society will not only increase the greenery in the environment but also reduce the hazardous effects of global warming.

Trees have social, commercial, economical and environmental uses. Trees are the habitats of any animals and birds. Without trees they would not be surviving. Their wood yields thousands of products, including paper, medicines and other chemicals and lumber. Trees also provide food such as fruits, species and nuts.

Trees are the great pollutants cleansers. They absorb all the pollutants in the air through their stomata in the leaves. This is usually good in urban areas so trees should be grown abundantly in urban areas. Trees cool air temperature and help to offset the “heat island” effect of hardscapes by providing shade and by transpiration. A single large tree can release up to 400 gallons of water into the atmosphere each day.

Planting trees along streams, wetlands, and lakes, helps control storm water runoff, removes soil sediments, reduces flood damage and increases water quality.

We like trees around us because they make us feel pleasant. We feel serene, peaceful, restful and relaxing in a grove of trees. Even though trees may be private property, their size often makes them a part of community as well. Air quality can be improved by use of trees, shrubs and turf. Trees clean the air which we breath and remove the dust and other pollutants from the air. Rain then washes the pollutants to the ground. By planting more and more trees we return to the natural and less artificial environment.

Thus trees are the source of life for many creatures’ even human beings. They are very important for the natural beauty of the environment.

A forest is an area with a high density of trees or historically, an area that is set aside for hunting. These plant communities cover a large area of the globe and are source of food and habitat for many animals.

A rainforest is a hot, thick jungle that gets a lot of rain annually. It is the habitat of many animals and plants. Rainforests are the earth’s oldest living ecosystem. They are so amazing and beautiful. A rainforest can be described as a hot dense jungle. The reason for which it is called a “rain” forest, is because, of high rainfall it gats annually. Its climate is very hot and humid so the animals and plants that live there must adapt the climate it has.

A rainforest have four types of layers.

1.     Emergent layer

2.     Canopy layer

3.     Understory layer

4.     Forest floor

The tallest trees are emergent. Their height is about 200 feet above the forest floor and has very thick trunks, that measure up to 16 feet around. Most of these trees are hardwood evergreen and broad leaved. Sunlight is plentiful there. Animals that are found in these trees are monkeys, butterflies, eagles and bats.

Canopy layer is the primary layer of the forest and functions as a roof over the two remaining layers. Most of the Canopy trees have smooth and oval shaped leaves that come to a point. It is a muddle of leaves and branches. Food is abundant in this area for this reason, many animals live there. The animals that live there are: snakes toucans and tree frogs.

Understory layer is the third layer of rainforests. Sunshine reaches this area very rarely so the plants in this area have to grow larger leaves to reach the sunlight. The plants in this area hardly ever grow to 12 feet. The animals that live here are jaguars, red-eyed tree frogs and leopards. Insects live in a large quantity in this area.

Forest floor is the last layer of rainforests. It is a very dark area. Due to its darkness, almost no plants grow there. Since no sunshine reaches the forest floor, things decompose very quickly. A leaf that might take one year to decompose in a regular climate may disappear in 6 weeks. Giant anteaters live in this area.

Soil quality is poor in these forests. Rapid bacterial decomposition prevents the accretion of humus. Most trees have roots near the surface. Most of the trees come from the top layer of decomposing leaves and animals because of insufficient nutrients. On younger substrate, especially on volcanic origin, soil is quite fertile. Id rainforest trees are cleared, rain can accumulate on the soil surfaces and the process of soil erosion may begin.

Rainforests are very useful for human beings. The main uses of rainforests are as follows.

1.     Tropical rainforests provide timber as well as animal products such as meat and hides.

2.     Rainforests have also a value of tourism destinations and for the ecosystem services provided.

3.     Many foods originally came from rainforests.

4.     The plants in the rainforests provide medicines, which are used for many diseases.

Trees are important, valuable and necessary for our existence. It is not hard to believe that humans would not have existed on the earth without trees. Trees produce oxygen which is a useful component for human beings to live, as when a human being breaths, he takes in oxygen which keeps him healthy.

Trees clean the soil. The dangerous chemicals and other pollutants that have entered the soil are absorbed by the trees and thus the trees purify the soil. Trees control noise pollution. Trees muffle urban noise as effectively as stone walls. Trees, situated at strategic areas can prevent one from noise pollution. Trees slow down storms and water runoff. Flash flooding can be reduced by a forest or planting trees. Trees are carbon sinks. Trees produce its food with the help of carbon dioxide, which is harmful for human beings. Trees absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and lock it into its cells. Trees clean the air. Trees help cleanse the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat and by absorbing such pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.  Trees provide shade to animals and human beings and provide coolness. Shade resulting in cooling is what a tree best known for. In winter trees break the force of cold air. Trees also act as wind breakers. During windy and cold seasons trees located in the windward side acts as wind breakers.

Trees give life to birds and insects. Trees are the habitat of birds and most of the insects. Trees give them food, shelter, cover and nest sites. Birds get their food in the form of buds, seeds and fruits.

Trees provide food for human beings and animals. Directly or indirectly all living organism owe their lives to trees. Trees provide human beings with wood, which is used for various purposes e.g. building houses, schools and for making furniture. The most important use of wood obtained from trees in making of paper, which is used in our daily lives.

Trees prevent soil erosion. Trees bind the soil of the earth so tightly that even fast flowing water or high speed wind is unable to take away the soil with it.  Trees help to maintain the temperature of the earth. Trees release excessive water into the atmosphere during the process of transpiration. This creates a cooling effect and reduces the temperature of the earth.

Trees have social, communal, environmental and economical benefits. We like trees around us because they make us feel pleasant. We feel serene, peaceful, restful and relaxing in a grove of trees. Even though trees may be private property, their size often makes them a part of community as well. Air quality can be improved by use of trees, shrubs and turf. Trees clean the air which we breath and remove the dust and other pollutants from the air. Rain then washes the pollutants to the ground. By planting more and more trees we return to the natural and less artificial environment.

Thus trees are the source of life for many creatures’ even human beings. They are very important for the natural beauty of the environment.

Rainforests are hot and thick jungles. They are called “rain” forests due to heavy rain annually. The climate of rainforests is very hot and humid. It is a habitat of many plants and animals. The plants and the animals have to adapt the climate of the rainforests, as they have to live there.

The relationship between species in an ecosystem has often been described as “food chain” in which the larger animals eat the smaller animals and so on. The food chain image is a two-dimension one; in fact the picture of this food chain is much more complex. The food chain of the rainforests are better describes as a web-a rainforest food web.

Food chain of rainforest is less like a direct food chain and more like a food web, obscure and complicated chains with in a large food web. It is interesting to know that every organism within the rainforests depend on other living organism to survive.  The complexity of this food web is delicate in design with several different chains or levels of the food chain represented in what is known as rainforests.

Plants are the primary source of food. The insects in the rainforests floor eat the plants, fungi, decaying material and other insects and in turn eaten by spiders, among a host of other creatures. Nevertheless, the spiders can themselves fall victim to insects in the form of wasps and army ants. It is easy to imagine rainforests birds eating spiders. There are also types of spiders that eat birds. Birds are also eaten by snakes but the snakes, especially the smaller ones, are eaten by birds as well. Snakes eat some mammals such as rodents and in turn are eaten by many species of mammals.

Who eats whom, often depends on what stage a creature is in, for example, generally adult animals have to fear less than that of the juveniles and babies have to fear much more. At the very centre of the food web sits the top, or apex, predators. These central slots are held eaten by big cats- tigers, leopards, big crocodilians, jaguars- the big snake and the largest bird of prey. Even is this apex creature there is never a truce. Sometimes, the big crocodilians and the big snakes kill one another. The eagles need to watch where they land and all, but the biggest of the big cats are defenseless to an attack by a crocodilian or a big snake. Thus, every animal in the rainforest is interdependent on other animals i.e. they are dependent on other animals for food and life whether directly or indirectly.

The food chain in the rainforest is sometimes affected by environmental changes. The delicate balance in interdependence is sometimes disrupted and can be permanently damaged or changed. It is interesting to know that the rainforests cover 7% of the globe. The health of the environment is critical in the rainforests. It is due to the reason that they are all interconnected i.e. if one plant or the animal is destroyed, the rest suffer.

Hence there is never peace in the rainforests. All animals are dependent on each other in the rainforests.

Tree planting is the process of transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry, land reclamation and for landscaping purposes. It involves planting seedlings over an area of land where the forest has been harvested or damaged by fire or disease or insects.

There are different steps for planting a tree. Some steps are as follows:

1.     Selecting the right time of the year for planting a tree.

2.     See if there are any local requirements i.e. digging a hole etc.

3.     Choosing a suitable tree according to climate, region and space.

4.     Preparing a hole.

5.     Preparing the tree for planting.

6.     Place the tree into the hole gently.

7.     Use some compost or composted manure if needed.

8.      Give attention to the trees especially the fruit and the nut trees

9.     Water the newly planted tree

The most common mistake that people commit while planting a tree is digging hole too deep or too narrow. If the hole is too deep, the roots do not have sufficient access to oxygen to ensure proper growth. If the hole is too narrow, the roots will not expand sufficiently to nourish and properly anchor the tree.

As a general rule, trees should be transplanted no deeper than the soil in which they were originally grown. The width of the hole should be three times the diameter of root ball or container. This will provide the roots with enough worked earth for its root structure to establish itself.

When digging in poorly drained clay soil it is important to avoid glazing. Glazing occurs when the sides and the bottom of the hole becomes smoothed forming a barrier through which water is difficultly passing.

Good trees should be planted in consideration of nature and climate of land.  For example, coconut trees grow well in sea coasts. A person who wants to plant a tree must know which place is fit for which tree. To know this he can get the soil tested by the experts and plant the kind of trees accordingly.

Before planting a tree one must consider the time of tree plantation. Generally the best time for planting a tree is dormant season and in the fall after leaf drop and early spring before bud breaks. Weather condition is cool and allows the plants to establish roots in the new location before the spring rains and the summer heat stimulate new top growth. However, the trees properly cared for in the nursery or garden centre and given the appropriate care during transport to prevent any damage can be planted throughout the growing season. In tropical and sub tropical areas any time is good time to plant a tree because the climate there is always favorable and trees will grow more efficiently in these areas.

Only planting a tree is not enough. One should take care of the new tree and pay full attention on its growth. Because, planted tress may be destroyed by the animals or by irregular service of water.

Planting a tree is an art. Planting a tree can have tremendous influences on communities. Tree planting improves our environment. Planting a tree can add to our incomes and decrease energy cost. Planting a tree can enhance our quality of life and improve our health.

Climate plays a deciding role when determining the appropriate plant time. Planting trees, when they are dormant is advisable, because at this stage handling a tree is least disruptive. There are many types of trees so the time of planting a tree depends on its type. Some trees grow in hot weather, some in cool climate, some in rainy season and some in dry weather.   There are different types of trees, which are:

1.     Balled and bur lapped trees.

2.     Container grown trees.

3.     Bare root trees.

Bare root tree planting is done during dormant winter months. One may need to do it a little earlier or a little later in warmer or colder climates. Planting rot balled trees is different from that of bare root trees. Planting tree saplings has evolved into an all year operation because of the extra protection of a ball of earth around the roots. Any season is okay for planting balled or bur lapped trees.

In general the best time for planting a tree is late winter or early spring. If that does not fit one’s schedule then one should wait for autumn. Summer is a bad choice for young trees as the heat will destroy the leaves of the young trees and the young trees can be destroyed very early. Newly planted trees do best when exposed to moderate temperature and rainfall and they need time to root and acclimatize before the onset of intense heat and dryness of summer and freezing of winter. Spring and early fall are generally the best planting season depending on one’s climate.

A container grown plant may be transplanted at most times of the year, except when the ground is frozen. Irrigation issues come at some times of the year.

Deciduous trees are planted in autumn. The falling of their leaves is a signal that they are entering dormancy. The unfurling of leaves in spring is the signal that they are leaving dormancy.

One has more scope in the matter of when to plant an Evergreen tree. One can plant the ever green tree earlier in the fall or later in the spring. However one should avoid planting ever green plants when it is too hot. Intense heat is a major enemy to newly planted saplings. But lack of water for their root system is another. Winter is not a dry time, what will all the snow, the moisture from the snow can not get to the roots until the snow is melted and the ground defrosts. Thus, in cold climates, winter brings desert conditions of a sort. That is why watering trees in fall are important regardless whether you opted planting in autumn or late winter or spring.